Differentiating Between Market Structures Table an Essays

Differentiating Between Market Structures Table an Essays Differentiating Between Market Structures Table and Paper February 2, 2012 In this executive summary, we will look at the differentiating between market structures. We will start by comparing and contrasting public goods, private goods common resources, and natural monopolies. How labor market equilibrium is affected by the supply and demand of labor. Looking at different market structure and the effectiveness of the structure for an organization Competition, Oligopoly, Monopolistic and Monopoly. Lastly, looking at factors that affect the labor Supply and demand. When comparing and contrasting goods we must have an understanding of what they are. Private goods are service that can be used by a person who have bought it or own it the good . Public good are services that can be consumed at the same time by everyone with no one can be excluded. Common resources are that non-excludable and can be used only once, and no one can be stop by using what availed . Natural monopoly a good or service that is non-rival but excludablecan be produced at zero marginal cost. Examples of everyday things we use or see can be cat orgies in private goods, public goods, common resources, and natural monopoly. Private goods can be known as food, drinks, car, house, clothes, computers, and cell phones, but Public goods are the law, air traffic control, national defense, safety lights, and police officers. Common resources are fish in ocean, national parks, atmosphere, and oxygen. Natural Monopolies are the internet, cable television, bridges, tunnels, and manmade dams. Demand for labor depends upon marginal revenue generated from each unit of output and the productivity of each labor unit. If the productivity of workers raise the marginal revenue product increase. The demand for labor is also affected by its cost and by changes in the size of the workforce. While more workers are hired, the demand for labor is less. Workers are hired at different wages. Firms demand labor in exchange for wages. When the firm output decrease, so do the demand for labor. The main determinant of labor supply is the wage rate. There are workers who are able and willing to work at different wages. Some of the factors that can affect the supply of labor are; increase in population, change in demographics, and changing alternative. Workers supply labor to firms in exchange for wages. The market supply of labor is the number of workers of a particular type and skill level who are willing to supply their labor to firms at different wage levels. When look at competition in any organization we must look at suppliers and organization that may cause a threat. We Have compare Kmart, Wal-Mart and Target in clothing, grocery and home essentials stores. In addition, we look at local pharmacies and retail stores such as Walgreens and CVS. With there being competition in any organization we must look at numerous suppliers, sellers, and alternative products each companies offers. We must also look at the price point of each market to see the determined the demand of the product. Oligopoly of theses market is to exist where there is very little competition. This happens when an area only offers certain stores, or consumers have preferences of store and quality. We must also look at the stores income and see if there shelf space or means to market the product. Some organization finds it to be difficult or expensive to have certain product offer in their organization. Lastly, we look at the Monopolistic and Monopoly of these organizations. Monopolistic are non-essentials items such as cable, cell phone carrier, long distance Company, and Internet provider. Monopolies are essentials in every organization and house such as utilities Gas, Light, and Water. Labor supply is affected by the average wages and the birth rate. If the economy is down employers cannot pay the employee minimum wages if he cannot afford it. Therefore, the employer has to let the employee go. Another example the labor supply if the demand for the goods is not high then the company is not making any money to sustain keeping the same amount of employees to the company. Labor demand is affected by the demand for consumer's goods and the sudden

How Discrete Trial Teaching Works in ABA

How Discrete Trial Teaching Works in ABA Discrete trial training, also known as massed trials, is the basic instructional technique of ABA or Applied Behavior Analysis. It is done one to one with individual students and sessions can last from a few minutes to a couple of hours a day. ABA is based on the pioneering work of B. F. Skinner and developed as an educational technique by O. Ivar Loovas. It has proven to be the most effective and only method of instructing children with autism recommended by the Surgeon General. Discrete trial training involves presenting a stimulus, asking for a response, and rewarding (reinforcing) a response, starting with an approximation of a correct response, and withdrawing prompts or support until the child can give the response correctly. Example Joseph is learning to recognize colors. The teacher/therapist puts three teddy bear counters on the table. The teacher says, Joey, touch the red bear. Joey touches the red bear. The teacher says, Good job, Joey! and tickles him (a reinforcer for Joey). This is a very simplified version of the process. Success requires several different components. Setting Discrete trial training is done one to one. In some ABA clinical settings, therapists sit in small therapy rooms or in carrels. In classrooms, it is often enough for the teacher to place the student across a table with his or her back to the classroom. This, of course, will depend on the student. Young children will need to be reinforced for merely sitting at the table learning to learn skills and the first academic task will be the behaviors that keep them at the table and help them focus, not only sitting but also imitating. (Do this. Now do this! Good job!) Reinforcement Reinforcement is anything that increases the likelihood a behavior will appear again. Reinforcement occurs across a continuum, from very basic, like preferred food to secondary reinforcement, reinforcement that is learned over time. Secondary reinforcement results as a child learns to associate positive outcomes with the teacher, with praise, or with tokens that will be rewarded after accumulating the target number. This should be the goal of any reinforcement plan, since typically developing children and adults often work hard and long for secondary reinforcement, like parental praise, a paycheck at the end of the month, the regard and esteem of peers or their community. A teacher needs to have a full quiver of edible, physical, sensory, and social reinforcers. The best and most powerful reinforcer is the teacher her or himself. When you dish out lots of reinforcement, lots of praise and perhaps a good measure of fun you will find you dont need a lot of rewards and prizes. Reinforcement also needs to be delivered randomly, widening the gap between each reinforcer in what is referred to as a variable schedule. Reinforcement delivered on a regular (say every third probe) is less likely to make the learned behavior permanent. Educational Tasks Successful discrete trial training is based on well designed, measurable IEP goals. Those goals will designate the number of successive successful trials, the correct response (name, indicate, point, etc.) and may, in the case of many children on the spectrum, have progressive benchmarks that go from simple to more complex responses. Example: When presented with pictures of farm animals in a field of four, Rodney will point to the correct animal requested by the teacher 18 out of 20 trials, for 3 consecutive probes. In discrete trial training, the teacher will present four pictures of farm animals and have Rodney point to one of the animals: Rodney, point to the pig. Good Job! Rodney, point to the cow. Good job! Massed or Interspersed Tasks Discrete trials training is also called massed trials, though this is actually a misnomer. Massed trials is when a large number of a single task are repeated in quick succession. In the example above, Rodney would just see pictures of farm animals. The teacher will do massed trials of a single task, and then start massed trials of a second set of tasks. The alternate form of discrete trial training is interspersal of tasks. The teacher or therapist brings several tasks to the table and asks the child to do them alternately. You might ask a child to point to the pig, and then ask the child to touch his nose. Tasks continue to be delivered quickly.